Effects of embedding depth and load eccentricity on lateral response of offshore monopiles in dense sand: a centrifuge study

Two model piles with outer diameter D = 50 mm are loaded laterally at 100g in a large-beam geotechnical centrifuge. The normal strains on both the tensile and compressive sides measured using fibre Bragg gratings. An incremental method is introduced to define pivot point. testing analytical programme enables effect of embedding depth load eccentricity be quantified. key findings as follows. (a) generate asymmetric during bending, tension–compression asymmetry becomes more pronounced pile toe for shorter piles. (b) transition from flexure rotation decreased 9D 3D, where uniqueness ground-level deflection (θ g –y ) relationship disappears. (c) reaction (P–y) flattens increasing but seems independent eccentricity.